Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnosis, and healthcare utilization, among patients with cancer (lung, breast, and pancreas) and cardiovascular diseases (HF, AF, hypertensive, and chronic ischemic heart disease) in Germany: two systematic reviews

Abstract

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) (e.g., lockdowns and contact restrictions) disrupted routine healthcare delivery. In Germany, these measures affected diagnostic and treatment services for people with cancer and cardiovascular diseases, potentially delaying diagnosis and adversely influencing outcomes. We assessed whether and to what extent diagnosis, health utilization and health outcome among patients with selected cancer and cardiovascular conditions changed in Germany during the pandemic. Methods We conducted two systematic reviews of studies from Germany on selected cancers (breast, lung and pancreatic) and cardiovascular conditions (atrial fibrillation/flutter, heart failure, hypertensive and chronic ischemic heart disease). Protocols were registered in PROSPERO and the reviews were reported in accordance with PRISMA. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase and screened grey literature. Outcomes included changes in new diagnoses, healthcare utilization, treatment, and disease-specific mortality during the pandemic (2020–2023) compared with the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019). Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using an adapted ROBINS-E tool. Owing to heterogeneity, we synthesized findings narratively. Results We screened 1991 records for cancer and 4,981 records for cardiovascular diseases, and included 9 cancer studies and 10 cardiovascular studies. For cancer, several studies reported a relative reduction in new breast and lung cancer diagnoses of up to 25% during lockdown periods; hospital admissions decreased by up to 9%. For cardiovascular conditions, hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation/flutter and heart failure decreased by up to 20%, particularly during pandemic peaks. Evidence on treatment delays, changes in treatment, and mortality was limited, and outcomes for other included diagnoses were often not reported. Discussion The available evidence indicates substantial reductions in hospital admissions and new diagnoses among patients with cancer and cardiovascular disease in Germany during the pandemic, suggesting major disruptions to care delivery. However, heterogeneity and gaps in the evidence base limit a comprehensive assessment of downstream outcomes. More comprehensive, linked data and further research are needed to quantify the full pandemic’s impact and to strengthen health-system resilience for future crises. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13643-026-03192-z. Abs1 Key messages ⚈ Compared to 2019, new diagnoses and hospital admissions for both cancer and heart failure (HF)/atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) declined during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. ⚈ In HF/AF, changes in quality of healthcare, including shorter hospital stays, higher rehospitalization rates, fewer cardiovascular-specific procedures, shorter rehab stays, were reported. ⚈ Overall evidence is limited due to (a) a high risk of bias and (b) no data available on outcomes like mortality in cancer or on treatment delays/modifications in both cancer and HF/AF Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13643-026-03192-z. Abs2 highlights