antibacterial and concentration-dependent bactericidal effects ofextract againstand methicillin-resistant, with synergistic activity against methicillin-resistant

Source: PubMed Central Open Access, NCBI / U.S. National Library of Medicine

A infections, particularly methicillin-resistant(MRSA), remain a major clinical challenge due to limited treatment options. Plant-derived compounds have gained interest as alternative or adjunct antibacterial agents. This study investigated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and synergistic effects ofextract againstand MRSA, with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Antibacterial activity ofextract was evaluated using microdilution, time-kill, checkerboard, and biofilm assays againstand MRSA, with chemical profiling by HPLC. Data were calculated and shown as means ± standard deviation. A Significant difference was marked when< 0.05. The ethanolic extract ofdemonstrated bactericidal action againstand MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 625 μg/mL. A concentration-dependent effect was observed, with complete bacterial killing achieved at supra-MIC levels. The extract reduced biofilm biomass by more than 80% at low concentrations. Notably, a pronounced synergistic interaction with ampicillin against MRSA was observed, yielding a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.281. Theextract exhibitedantibacterial activity and showed concentration-dependent bactericidal effects, with a synergistic interaction with ampicillin observed against MRSA.