Anal Cancer
Source: MedlinePlus Health Topics, U.S. National Library of Medicine
What is anal cancer? Your anus is the opening at the end of your large intestine. It is where stool (poop) leaves your body. The anus is formed partly from your outer layers of skin and partly from your intestine. Anal cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of your anus. Who is more likely to develop anal cancer? Anyone can get anal cancer, but you are more likely to develop it if you: You have an infection with high-risk HPV , especially if you have certain types. Most anal cancers are related to HPV infection. Have a weakened immune system , from conditions such as HIV or because of medicines you need to take after an organ transplant . Have had vulvar , vaginal , or cervical cancer. Have many sexual partners. Have anal sex. Smoke cigarettes . What are the symptoms of anal cancer? The signs and symptoms of anal cancer may include: Bleeding from the anus or rectum A lump near the anus Pain or pressure in the area around the anus Itching or discharge from the anus A change in bowel habits , such as narrower stools, having to go more often, or bowel incontinence How is anal cancer diagnosed? To find out if you have anal cancer, your provider: Will take your medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms. Will ask about your family health history. May do a digital rectal examination (DRE). A DRE is an exam of the anus and rectum. For the exam, your provider will insert a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of your rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual. May order tests that examine the anus and rectum, such as: An anoscopy , an exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope. There is also a type of anoscopy called a high-resolution anoscopy. It uses a special magnifying device called a colposcope along with the anoscope to view these areas. A proctoscopy, a procedure to look inside the rectum and anus using a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens. An endo-anal or e